![]() Increasing literacy rates in Europe in the two centuries before Gutenberg undoubtedly contributed to the success of his printing efforts, since literacy creates a market for printed texts. Mighty June – wood letter blocks – CC BY 2.0. Additionally, the rise of printing in East Asia didn’t become a “print revolution,” because the audience for the texts was so limited, given low literacy rates. However, Gutenberg’s use of a press to mash the paper against the typeset, as opposed to the Chinese method of manually rubbing the paper against the typeset, made the process faster and more effective. In fact, the mass reproduction and distribution of texts began in East Asia around 700 CE, more than 700 years before Gutenberg, as the Chinese used a wood-block printing method to mass produce short Buddhist texts (Poe, 2011). The German blacksmith and printer Johannes Gutenberg, often cited as the inventor of the printing press, didn’t actually invent much, as most of the technology needed to print, such as movable type, already existed and had been in use for many years. The high price of these texts and the fact that most people could not read or write further limited the spread of print. ![]() Physical and technical limitations of the time prevented the written word from becoming a mass medium, as texts were painstakingly reproduced by hand or reproduced slowly using rudimentary printing technology such as wood cutouts. The spread of writing, however, as a means of documenting philosophy, daily life, government, laws, and business transactions was a necessary precursor to the print revolution. Of course, before writing emerged as a form of expression, humans drew cave paintings and made sculptures, pottery, jewelry, and other forms of visual expression. The “manuscript age” is the period in human history that immediately predated the advent of mass media and began around 3500 BCE with the introduction of written texts and lasted until the printing revolution of 1450 CE (Poe, 2011). Let’s now look back at how we progressed from writing to print and trace the birth of the first mass medium. For example, in the United States, about 3.1 billion books, 1,400 daily newspapers, and 19,000 magazines are published a year (Poe, 2011). ![]() And despite the advent of many other forms of mass media, print is still important as a channel for information and as an industry. While the ability to handwrite manuscripts and even reproduce them existed before the print revolution, such processes took considerable time and skill, making books and manuscripts too expensive for nearly anyone in society except the most privileged and/or powerful to possess. Why did Ulrich Zwingli and Martin Luther form an alliance? To defend themselves against Catholic authorities.The printing press and subsequent technological advances related to paper manufacturing and distribution led to the establishment of print as the first mass medium. What did John Calvin believe? An all-powerful God. The division of Christianity and German into Catholic and Lutheran states was recognized by. What caused Luthers call for the Catholic Church to reform? The widespread selling of indulgences, among other abuses, angered him. Disagree and break with the Catholic Church. Martin luthers belief is Faith alone caused him to. Desiderius Erasmuth stressed that inward religious feeling was more important than external forms of religion because it. ![]() What is true of Lutheranism? Lutheranism taught salvation through faith alone, not good works. The humanists purpose for educating people was to. Had smaller wall spaces, so they developed art that fit in books and on altarpieces. Art developed by Northern European artists during the renaissance differed from art of Italian master artists because artists in the north. Used perspective to represent 3-dimensions. The human-focused style of renaissance artists resulted in art that. Using moveable type for printing in Europe led to increased. Humanist ideas were spread throughout scholarly works. As a result of Petrarch's finding and using Classical Latin manuscripts. History, moral philosophy, rhetoric, grammar and logic, poetry, mathematics, astronomy, and music. Artistic techniques that give the effect of three-dimensional depth. Intellectual movement based on the study of classics.
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